Multiple authors: References citations
When a source has more than one author (2 to 20), list them all in the References page citation.
When a source has 21 or more authors, list the first 19 authors, follow with an ellipsis...,then list the last author as shown on the article. Example:
Okore, W., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Kimura, Y.,Zhang, I., Chakraborty, P., Yang, M. L., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). The mathematics of the unicorn's horn. Journal of Improbable Mathematics,27(1), 78–86.
Multiple authors: In-text citations
- 2 authors: List them both everytime you cite that source; (Adams& Coleman, 2023).
- More than 2 authors: Every time you cite that source list the first author’s name, then use et al. to indicate there are others. Example: (Urschelet al., 2023).
the References citation - 5 authors:
Urschel, H., Gillanders, H., Toppeta, O., Williams, R.,& Snoek-Brown, J. (2023).Citing sources: APA (American Psychological Association). TCC Library Research Guides.http://tacomacc.libguides.com/TCCLibrary/research-guides
the in-text citation:
(Urschel et al., 2023).
Citing website documents & pages
Webpages and website documents aretreated as stand-alone documents, which means that webpage titles are in italics and website names appear in normal typeface (this is the opposite from citing journal, magazine, or newspaper articles).
Example:
Goodman, B. (2020, January 17). Could your Fitbit help detect the flu? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/news/20200117/could-your-fitbit-help-detect-the-flu
Citing an entire website
After referring to an entire Website in your paper, provide its homepage URL in parentheses, as an active link, immediately after.You may then omit the Website from your list of References.
Example from an COL 101 student's Student Success Plan paper:
In addition to consulting with TCC Research Librarians and the Writing and Tutoring Center, my student success plan will include bookmarking and using the Purdue OWL (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html) which is a valuable resource for writing and research helpand for citation support.
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If you are referring to a single page from a website, or a document you retrieved from a website, see the tab for citing a webpage or web document.
Retrieval links in References page citations
- For anyone who remembers APA 6, that editiondirected us to type “Retrieved from” just before the webpage URL.
- For APA 7 we eliminate the “Retrieved from” and get right on with the webpage URL (activated as a hyperlink):
Example of a webpage citation:
TCC Librarians. (2020). Citing sources: APA. TCC Library website: http://tacomacc.libguides.com/Citing_Sources/apa
When do we include a retrieval date? Hardly ever.
When contents of a webpage are designed to change over time and are not archived, include a retrieval datain the References page citation.
Example:
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.).U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved November 6, 2023, fromhttps://www.census.gov/popclock/
DOIs and URLs
There are a lot of rules... sorry:
General summary for electronic (non-print) sources and the inclusion of retrieval information in References citations:
DOIs and URLs
- If there is a DOI, use the DOI (DOIs are only used for scholarly journal articles and scholarly books).
- If there is no DOI (either you can't find one, or the source is not a scholarly journal or book), do nothing. Do not substitute with a Library database URL*, for example.
- *However, as a student, your instructor might prefer it if you include a library database URL so sourcescan be accessed more quickly when grading 100 papers! Always ask your instructor if they have any unique course-specific citation rules they would like you to follow.
- If there is no DOI, and the source is available in full text, free of chargeon theopenweb (not a library database), you can replace the DOI with the document's URL (web address).
Example of a References page citation for a scholarly journal that has a listed DOI:
Weltsek, G. J. (2019). Theatre programs in community colleges: A policy for equity.Arts Education Policy Review,120(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2018.1423594
How all of those situations above look on paper
Library handout demonstrating APA 7 URL, DOI uses in References page citations
Citing books and ebooks
References page citations for books used to include the publisher's location (a city, and perhaps state as well). APA no longer requires the publisher's location. This applies to both print books and e-books.
Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. New York: One World.
As with periodicals, if an e-book is accessed through a subscription database, such as EBook Central, do not include a retrieval URL:
Tuck, S. & Gates, H. L. (2014).The night Malcolm X spoke at the Oxford Union: A transatlantic story of antiracist protest. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
And also as with periodicals, if an ebook is available freely online to anyone, include a retrieval URL:
Hurston, N. Z. (1930). Poker!http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/15902/pg15902-images.html
eReader edition of a book? (Kindle for example)
APA 7 no longer requires a format note [Kindle]; cite as you would any other book
Paper formatting: The "running head"
Quick and easy for students:Student papers do not need"running heads" - a bit of the paper's title in the header along with the page number Student papersjust need page numbers. Read on for more information about running heads, if you like.
- A “running head” is a shortened version of a paper’s title, appearing on each page in the left-side header space of a paper.
- Professional papers need running heads, which will appear in the header space on the left corner of the paper, as aSHORTENED PAPER TITLE in all caps.
Sample APA 7 student paper format
From the APA itself
Sample APA 7 professional paper format
From the APA itself
Singular "they"
The APA is ignoring traditional grammar conventions in favor of reducing bias and gender-binary assumption. APA 7 endorses the use of they/them when the gender of a person is unknown or, as is most common, irrelevant.
- Writers should use the singular “they” in two main cases: (a) when referring to a generic person whose sex or gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context and (b) when referring to a specific, known person who uses “they/them” as their pronouns.
- When referring to a generic person whose sex or gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context, use the singular “they” as the pronoun. For example, if you use nouns like “person,” “individual,” or “everyone” or phrases like “every teacher” or “each nurse” in a sentence, use the appropriate form of the pronoun “they”, rather than using she/he when referring to them later,as needed.
Bias-free language
"The guidelines for bias-free language contain both general guidelines for writing about people without bias across a range of topics and specific guidelines that address the individual characteristics of age, disability, gender, participation in research, racial and ethnic identity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality" (APA.org). Example: Acknowledge humanity: Instead of "the homeless" put the person first "people who are living unhoused." See the link below for more information, guidelines, and suggestions..
Accessibility
While accessibility considerations are not unique toAPA 7, there are more specificAPA guidelines that adhere to WCAG
For example, URLs should be formatted as descriptive text,as you see modeled below. instead of labeling the linkand then providing a URL separately,
As of April 2023 this is APA's recommendation for citing outputs from Open AI's ChatGPT, or any large language model generative AI. Please ask your instructors for their guidelines about the use of generative AI in your course work.
References page citation
OpenAI. (2023).ChatGPT(Mar 14 version) [Large language model].https://chat.openai.com/chat
Parenthetical citation:(OpenAI, 2023)
Find out more about what APA recommends for citing generative AI outputs
This is from the APA Blog - a useful resource for citation information not found in other APA citation resources, including the APA Manual.
